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Sacher Lasertechnik offers a wide range of diode lasers for scientific and industrial applications, covering a wide range of emission wavelengths and output powers. Apart from DFB and DBR lasers, Fabry–Pérot and tapered amplifier diodes, we offer quantum cascade lasers and terahertz emitters. CNI Laser There are some light sources which are not strictly lasers, but are nevertheless often called laser sources: Some people may notice minor color changes to the treated area of skin. It may get slightly darker or lighter, following laser hair removal.

G. Smith, “The early laser years at Hughes Aircraft Company”, IEEE J. Quantum Electron. 20 (6), 577 (1984); https://doi.org/10.1109/JQE.1984.1072445 Incorrectly labelled laser pointers are common. Examples include laser pointers that are marked Class 2 (or output power is marked as less than 1 mW), but are actually Class 3B or even Class 4. A number of eye injuries, especially to children, have occurred from the use of Class 3B and Class 4 laser ‘pointers’. The majority of these lasers are bought from the internet rather than on the high street, while some were bought on overseas holidays. The classification scheme for lasers indicates the potential risk of adverse health effects, where the higher the class number, the greater the laser radiation hazard posed by the laser. In practice, the risk also depends upon the conditions of use, exposure time and the environment. However, potential risks may or may not actually lead to adverse health effects, so with the help of classification, users may select appropriate control measures to minimise the risks.The optical bandwidth of a pulse cannot be narrower than the reciprocal of the pulse width. In the case of extremely short pulses, that implies lasing over a considerable bandwidth, quite contrary to the very narrow bandwidths typical of CW lasers. The lasing medium in some dye lasers and vibronic solid-state lasers produces optical gain over a wide bandwidth, making a laser possible that can thus generate pulses of light as short as a few femtoseconds (10 −15 s). The mechanism of producing radiation in a laser relies on stimulated emission, where energy is extracted from a transition in an atom or molecule. This is a quantum phenomenon [ dubious – discuss] that was predicted by Albert Einstein, who derived the relationship between the A coefficient describing spontaneous emission and the B coefficient which applies to absorption and stimulated emission. However, in the case of the free electron laser, atomic energy levels are not involved; it appears that the operation of this rather exotic device can be explained without reference to quantum mechanics.

Fiber lasers, based on optical glass fibers which are doped with some laser-active ions in the fiber core. Fiber lasers can achieve extremely high output powers (up to kilowatts) with high beam quality, allow for widely wavelength-tunable operation, narrow linewidth operation, etc. Laser hair removal damages the follicles of the targeted hairs. The body reacts to this, and many people experience redness and irritation in the affected areas. The skin may tingle or feel tender, and may even appear to swell slightly. Gas lasers (e.g. helium–neon lasers, CO 2 lasers, argon ion lasers and excimer lasers), based on gases which are typically excited with electrical discharges. Frequently used gases include CO 2, argon, krypton, and gas mixtures such as helium–neon. Common excimers are ArF, KrF, XeF, and F 2. As far as gas molecules are involved in the laser process, such lasers are also called molecular lasers. Lasers are also used in domestic products where the laser can be ‘seen’ such as medical devices, and even toys. Laser pointers or pens have also found their way into the home and are often described as ‘toys’. However, some of these ‘toy laser pens’ have been found to be more powerful than is acceptable for unrestricted use and have the potential to cause eye damage and other harm.Nd:YAG passively Q-switched lasers of the "WAVEGUARD" series with sub-nanosecond pulse widths and a peak power of several tens of kilowatts are very compact. Additional harmonics modules for 532nm, 355nm, or 266nm wavelengths are available on request for all models. Frankfurt Laser Company Gain medium and cavity A helium–neon laser demonstration. The glow running through the center of the tube is an electric discharge. This glowing plasma is the gain medium for the laser. The laser produces a tiny, intense spot on the screen to the right. The center of the spot appears white because the image is overexposed there. Spectrum of a helium–neon laser. The actual bandwidth is much narrower than shown; the spectrum is limited by the measuring apparatus. Some types of lasers can be specifically be design to achieve high performance in a certain sense. Some examples: Class 4 laser products have an output power greater than 500 mW (half a watt). There is no upper restriction on output power. Class 4 laser products are capable of causing injury to both the eye and skin from direct exposure and reflections also may be hazardous. Class 4 laser beams also present a fire hazard. Lasers used for many laser displays, laser surgery and cutting metals may be Class 4 products. PHE provides advice to the Department for Business, Energy and Industrial Strategy ( BEIS) and Trading Standards concerning the safety of hand-held laser pointers and the optical hazards posed by the use of these products. 2. Laser radiation

LumIR offers mid-IR fiber lasers, based on fluorine glass fibers, with up to 10W output power and emission wavelength between 2.79μm and 3.3μm. They are ideal for medical, material processing and sensing applications. HÜBNER Photonics

Class 5 Photonics delivers ultrafast, high-power laser technology at outstanding performance to advance demanding applications from bio-imaging to ultrafast material science and attosecond science. Our robust optical parametric chirped pulse amplifiers (OPCPA) provide high-power, tunable femtosecond pulses and user-friendly operation. Thorlabs Radiantis manufacturers broadly tunable laser systems based on Optical Parametric Oscillators (OPOs). Femtosecond, picosecond and continuous-wave (CW) lasers are available that cover the visible and IR spectral regimes. The laser systems include both a pump laser and the OPO in the same enclosure.